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The Epipaleolithic Period - Middle Stone Age
20,000 - 10,00 BCE
The Epipaleolithic period in the Levant corresponds to the final stage of the broader Paleolithic period and serves as a transitional phase between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic. The term "Epipaleolithic" is often used interchangeably with "Late Paleolithic". This period is characterized by important changes in human subsistence strategies, technology, and social organization. It spans roughly from around 20,000 - 10,00 BCE in the Levant.
Key features of the Epipaleolithic period in the Levant include:
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1. Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle: People during this period were primarily hunter-gatherers, relying on hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants for sustenance. However, there are indications of increased sedentism and a broader range of resource exploitation.
2. Microlithic Tool Technology: Microliths, which are small stone tools typically produced from carefully prepared bladelets, became a characteristic element of Epipaleolithic toolkits. These tools were versatile and used for various purposes, including hunting and processing plant materials.
3. Cultural Developments: There is evidence of social and cultural developments during the Epipaleolithic, including the creation of symbolic art and personal adornments. Cave paintings, engravings, and sculptures have been discovered in certain sites.
4. Environmental Changes: The Epipaleolithic period witnessed environmental changes, including the end of the last Ice Age. As the climate became more favorable, it likely influenced human subsistence strategies and settlement patterns.
Some well-known archaeological sites from the Epipaleolithic period in the Levant include Kebaran sites, such as Hayonim Cave and Raqefet Cave. These sites provide valuable insights into the lifeways and cultural expressions of the people during this transitional period before the advent of agriculture in the Neolithic.