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The Iron Age (Philistines and Israelites)
1,200-500BC
The Iron Age in the Levant is a period characterized by significant cultural, political, and technological developments, lasting approximately from 1200 BCE to 586 BCE. This era follows the Bronze Age and is marked by the increased use of iron tools and weapons, as well as changes in political structures and the emergence of new civilizations. Here are key aspects of the Iron Age in the Levant:
1. Transition from Bronze Age:
- The Iron Age in the Levant is often associated with the decline of the Bronze Age civilizations. Many major cities and centers from the Late Bronze Age experienced upheavals and, in some cases, destruction.
2. Ironworking Technology:
- One of the defining features of the Iron Age is the widespread adoption of iron tools and weapons. Ironworking became more prevalent, offering advantages in terms of strength and availability compared to bronze.
3. Emergence of New Peoples and Kingdoms:
- During the early Iron Age, the Sea Peoples, including the Philistines, migrated to the coastal areas of the Levant.
- In the highlands, the Israelites emerged as a distinct group, settling in areas traditionally associated with the tribes of Israel.
4. Philistines and Coastal Cities:
- The Philistines, originating from the Aegean region, established themselves in major coastal cities such as Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gaza, Ekron, and Gath.
- The Philistines played a significant role in the geopolitical landscape of the region, often interacting with the Israelites.
5. Israelite Kingdoms:
- The Iron Age is closely associated with the emergence of the Israelite kingdoms in the highlands. Saul, David, and Solomon are traditionally regarded as the first kings in biblical accounts.
- The United Monarchy under David and Solomon is followed by the divided kingdoms of Israel (northern) and Judah (southern).
The Iron Age in the Levant is a complex and dynamic period with diverse cultures, including the Israelites, Philistines, Phoenicians, and others. The historical and archaeological evidence, including inscriptions, artifacts, and city remains, provides valuable insights into the societies and interactions during this era.
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